Modern humans, known as Homo sapiens, had already evolved and developed the necessary biological and cultural traits that defined their species when they began to spread across the world. This migration process occurred 60,000 to 70,000 years ago.

Homo sapiens has evolved in Africa approximately 200,000 to 300,000 years ago. Fossil evidence and genetic studies indicate that they share a common ancestor with earlier hominids and that they have developed distinctive traits such as larger brains, more sophisticated tool-making skills, and advanced social structures.

After evolving in Africa, Homo sapiens began to migrate out of their ancestral homeland. This process involved several waves of migration, with populations moving to the Middle East, Europe, Asia, Australia, and eventually the Americas. The timing, routes, and details of these migrations are subjects of ongoing research. During their migrations, early humans developed various adaptations to different environments, which contributed to the survival and success of the species. These included changes in diet, clothing, shelter, and social organization.

Genetic evidence shows that interbreeding with other hominin species, such as the extinct Neanderthals and Denisovans, occurred during this period, which contributed to the genetic makeup of modern non-African populations. Along with biological evolution, Homo sapiens developed complex languages, artistic expressions, and social structures that set them apart from earlier hominins.